Zamburak

Zamburak (Persian: زنبورک, romanized: zanburak, lit. 'culverin', lit. 'little wasp') was a specialized form of self-propelled artillery from the early modern period featuring small swivel guns mounted on and fired from camels. Its operator was known as a zamburakchi. It was used by the gunpowder empires, especially Safavid Iran, the Timurid Empire, Afsharid Iran, and the Afghan Durrani Empire, due to the ruggedness of the Iranian plateau, which made typical transportation of heavy cannons difficult.

The zamburak became a popular mode of warfare in the eighteenth century in the Indian subcontinent. The Pashtuns used it in the Battle of Gulnabad, routing a numerically superior imperial Safavid army. It was also used successfully in the campaigns of Nader Shah when the shah and military genius Nader Shah utilized a zamburak corps in conjunction with a regular corps of conventional cannon to devastating effect in numerous battles, such as at the Battle of Damghan (1729), the Battle of Yeghevārd, and the Battle of Karnal. A large number of zamburaks were also successfully employed by Ahmad Shah Durrani during his raid in the North Indian plain in the Third Battle of Panipat against the Maratha Confederacy.

In the nineteenth century, the Sikh Khalsa Army utilised the zamburak with significant success to expel Afghan forces from the Punjab and trans-Indus regions. Hari Singh Nalwa, the Commander-in-Chief of the Sikh frontier, deployed zamburak units to consolidate control over the rugged territories of Hazara and the Peshawar Doab. These mobile units were instrumental in managing the militant tribes of the Pashtun belt and played a key role in the Battle of Jamrud (1837).