Trois Glorieuses (1963)
1963 uprising in Congo-Brazzaville
The Trois Glorieuses (lit. 'Three Glorious Days') was an uprising in Congo-Brazzaville which occurred from August 13 to 15, 1963. The uprising ended the rule of the first Congolese President, Fulbert Youlou, as the opposition trade union movement and Congolese Youth Union struck an alliance with the army.
Background
Congo-Brazzaville had become independent in 1960. The rule of the first president, Fulbert Youlou, developed in an increasingly authoritarian direction. During a tour of Haut-Congo in August 1962, Youlou proposed turning Congo into a one-party state, led by his party UDDIA. At the time, other political parties had ceased to function as an effective opposition, whilst the trade union movement CGAT and the Congolese Youth Union (two groups singled out by Youlou as 'communists') had suffered crackdowns. Youlou's party was dominated by his ethnic group, the Brazzaville based Lari, and as such they dominated much of Congolese society and industry at the time. Youlou's increasing favoritism massively sidelined and aggravated the northern peoples, not helped by his unhelpful comments that they might be better off joining the Central African Republic instead of staying with Congo. Unpopular, corrupt and now having alienated virtually all non-Lari in the country, the stage was set for tensions to reach a head.
By mid-1963, the Congolese labour movement had become increasingly vocal. A state visit by Guinean president Sékou Touré on June 5–6 proved a turning point.
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