Toghon Temür
Yuan and Northern Yuan emperor from 1333 to 1370
Toghon Temür (Mongolian: Тогоон Төмөр, romanized: Togoon Tömör; simplified Chinese: 妥懽帖睦尔; traditional Chinese: 妥懽帖睦爾; pinyin: Tuǒhuān Tiēmù'ěr; 25 May 1320 – 23 May 1370), also known by his temple name as Emperor Huizong of Yuan and by his posthumous name as Emperor Shun of Yuan, was the last emperor of the Yuan dynasty and the first emperor of the Northern Yuan dynasty. He was a son of Kusala (Emperor Mingzong).
Toghon Temür acceded to the throne in 1333 after years of succession disputes following his father's death. His early reign was dominated by powerful ministers, first El Temür and then Bayan, until he engineered Bayan's removal in 1340 with the help of Toqto'a. Toqto'a's first administration (1340–1344) oversaw the completion of the official histories of the Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties. During the latter part of his reign, widespread natural disasters and fiscal crises fuelled popular unrest, culminating in the Red Turban Rebellion of 1351. After the rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming dynasty and captured Khanbaliq in 1368, Toghon Temür retreated to the Mongolian steppe. The remnant court, conventionally called the Northern Yuan, continued to claim the title of Emperor of China. Toghon Temür died at Yingchang in 1370 and was succeeded by his son Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara.
He was a patron of Tibetan Buddhism, studying under successive Karmapas of the Karma Kagyu school.
The public source identifies “Toghon Temür” as yuan and Northern Yuan emperor from 1333 to 1370. This brief keeps that definition visible, then builds a research path around Toghon, Temür and Yuan.
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Named sources, stable identifiers and responsible institutions provide the strongest route from overview to verifiable evidence. The source revision retrieved here is dated Sep 5, 2026. The linked authority identifier is Q8666. VIAF identifies the subject as 73626500. The Library of Congress control number is no2007023747. 2 of 3 selected statements include explicit references; 0 carry qualifiers and 0 use preferred rank. The first chronological checks are 1320, 1370, 1333 and 1340.
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This entry incorporates text from “Toghon Temür” on English Wikipedia. Contributors are listed in the page history. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Selected authority identifiers and statements are retrieved from Wikidata under CC0; their references and qualifiers remain part of the verification path.