Quantum logic gate
basic circuit in quantum computing
In quantum computing and specifically the quantum circuit model of computation, a quantum logic gate (or simply quantum gate) is a basic quantum circuit operating on a small number of qubits. Quantum logic gates are the building blocks of quantum circuits, like classical logic gates are for conventional digital circuits.
According to quantum mechanics, a quantum system can only either evolve unitarily according to the Schrödinger equation, or be measured (sometimes called "Observed"). Quantum gates describe these unitary transformations, that occur when the system is not being measured. The expression "quantum gate" appears in relation to quantum processors, and in this context they are the logical operations that the quantum computer at the assembly language-level of abstraction (e.g. OpenQASM) can perform on the quantum data (qubits or quantum states) that they process. They can also be whole algorithms (e.g. the Quantum Fourier transform) if such algorithms contain no measurement operations. When the quantum data is measured, it is usually transformed into binary bits, which is then sent to a normal ("classical") computer. The quantum processor behaves like a coprocessor to such classical binary processors.
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