Pi-interaction
chemical bond effect
In chemistry, π-effects or π-interactions are a type of non-covalent interaction that involves π systems. Just like in an electrostatic interaction where a region of negative charge interacts with a positive charge, the electron-rich π system can interact with a metal (cationic or neutral), an anion, another molecule and even another π system. Non-covalent interactions involving π systems are pivotal to biological events such as protein-ligand recognition.
Types
The most common types of π-interactions involve:
Metal–π interactions: involves interaction of a metal and the face of a π system, the metal can be a cation (known as cation–π interactions) or neutral
Polar–π interactions: involves interaction of a polar molecule and quadrupole moment a π system.
Aromatic–aromatic interactions (π stacking): involves interactions of aromatic molecules with each other.
Arene–perfluoroarene interaction: electron-rich benzene ring interacts with electron-poor hexafluorobenzene.
π donor–acceptor interactions: interaction between low energy empty orbital (acceptor) and a high-energy filled orbital (donor).
Anion–π interactions: interaction of anion with π system
Cation–π interactions: interaction of a cation with a π system
C–H–π interactions: interaction of C-H with π system: These interactions are well studied using experimental as well as computational techniques.
Examples
Graphite
Graphite consists of stacked sheets of covalently bonded carbon. The individual layers are called graphene.
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