Tyrant

A tyrant (from Ancient Greek τύραννος (túrannos) 'absolute ruler') is an absolute ruler who is unrestrained by law, or one who has usurped a legitimate ruler's sovereignty. Often portrayed as cruel, tyrants may defend their positions by resorting to repressive means. The original Greek term meant an absolute sovereign who came to power without constitutional right, and the word had a neutral connotation during the Archaic and early Classical periods. A government run by a tyrant is usually called a tyranny.

Ancient philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle saw tyrannos as a negative form of government, and on account of the decisive influence of philosophy on politics, deemed tyranny the "fourth and worst disorder of a state." They defined a tyrant as a person who rules without law, using extreme and cruel methods against both his own people and others. Plato in particular stated that:

Tyrants lack "the very faculty that is the instrument of judgment"—reason. The tyrannical man is enslaved because the best part of him (reason) is enslaved, and likewise, the tyrannical state is enslaved, because it too lacks reason and order.

The Encyclopédie defined the term as a usurper of sovereign power who makes "his subjects the victims of his passions and unjust desires, which he substitutes for laws".

In the late fifth and fourth centuries BC, a new kind of tyrant, one who had the support of the military, arose – specifically in Sicily.

One can apply accusations of tyranny to a variety of types of government:

to government by one individual (in an autocracy)

to government by a minority (in an oligarchy, tyranny of the minority)

to government by a majority (in a democracy, tyranny of the majority)

Etymology

The English noun tyrant appears in Middle English use, via Old French, from the 1290s.