Northern Indo-Aryan languages
Indo-Aryan language group
The Northern Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Pahāṛi languages, are a proposed group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the lower ranges of the Himalayas, from Nepal in the east, through the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab (not to be confused with the various other languages with that name) was coined by G. A. Grierson.
Classification
The Pahari languages fall into three groups.
Eastern Pahari
Nepali is spoken by an estimated 29,100,000 people in Nepal, 265,000 people in Bhutan, and 2,500,000 people in India. It is an official language in Nepal and India.
Jumli is spoken by an estimated 40,000 people in the Karnali zone of Nepal.
Doteli is spoken by an estimated 1 million people in far west Nepal.
Central Pahari
Kumaoni is spoken by an estimated 2,360,000 people in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand.
Garhwali is spoken by an estimated 2,500,000 people in Uttarakhand. Most of these are Garhwali people from the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand.
Western Pahari
Jaunsari
Bangani
Nuclear Himachali:
Hinduri
Pahari Kinnauri
Kullu Pahari
Mahasu Pahari
Sirmauri
Mandeali
Kangric-Chamealic-Bhattiyali:
Chamealic:
Bhadarwahi
Churahi
Bhattiyali
Bilaspuri
Chambeali
Gaddi
Pangwali
Kangri-Dogri:
Dogri
Kangri
Comparison
In Eastern and Central Pahari the verb substantive is formed from the root ach, as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri.
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