Adipose triglyceride lipase
mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Adipose triglyceride lipase, also known as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2 and ATGL, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PNPLA2 gene. ATGL catalyses the first reaction of lipolysis, where triacylglycerols are hydrolysed to diacylglycerols.
Properties
ATGL has very high substrate specificity for triacylglycerols. It contains a catalytic dyad using serine-aspartic acid.
Function
ATGL catalyses the first reaction of lipolysis. It hydrolysis triacylglycerols to diacylglycerols by attacking the fatty acid attached to carbon-3 of glycerol.
ATGL acts as a control mechanism of lipolysis, as variations in diacylglycerol concentration impact enzymes in later stages of lipolysis.
Clinical significance
Defects in ATGL can cause problems in lipolysis, leading to neutral lipid storage disease. As triacylglycerols are not hydrolysed to diacylglycerols, there is a build-up of triacylglycerol droplets in granulocytes.
ATGL is regulated by insulin, and is similar to structure with adiponutrin, a protein that is regulated by nutrition.
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