Turkish coup d'état
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Turkish coup d'état may refer to illegal or constitutional military takeovers or takeover attempts in Turkey. There have been several.
From the founding of the Turkish Republic until 2016, the Turkish military was very involved in Turkish politics. The army was strongly Kemalist and considered one of its roles to be the ultimate guardian of Atatürk's reforms including secularism, and of cooperation with the Western world generally. The Turkish constitutions of 1924, 1961, and 1982 formally specified that the army's role was to protect Turkey against internal as well as external threats. The army was popular and prestigious as the guarantor of the Turkish state and of Turkish multiparty democracy (after its effective establishment following World War II).
The army first exercised its reserve power in the 1960 Turkish coup d'état. There had been economic stagnation, a perceived rise in political Islam, and in 1960, unrest and protests against the ruling Democrat Party. Some Army officers, saying they feared further unrest and the decline of Kemalism and democracy, staged a successful coup. The other successful coup d'états happened in 1971, 1980, and 1997.
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