Nudge theory
theory in behavioral science, politics, and behavioral economics
Nudge theory is a concept in behavioral economics, decision making, behavioral policy, social psychology, consumer behavior, and related behavioral sciences that proposes adaptive designs of the decision environment (choice architecture) as ways to influence the behavior and decision-making of groups or individuals. Nudging contrasts with other ways to achieve compliance, such as education, legislation or enforcement.
The nudge concept was popularized in the 2008 book Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness, by behavioral economist Richard Thaler and legal scholar Cass Sunstein, two American scholars at the University of Chicago. It has influenced British and American politicians. Several nudge units exist around the world at the national level (UK, Germany, Japan, and others) as well as at the international level (e.g. World Bank, UN, and the European Commission). There is ongoing debate over whether "nudge theory" is a recent novel development in behavioral economics or merely a new term for one of many methods for influencing behavior.
The effectiveness of nudges is controversial. Maier et al. wrote that, after correcting the publication bias found by Mertens et al.
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