November 1923
month of 1923
The following events occurred in November 1923:
November 1, 1923 (Thursday)
Imprisoned steel industrialist Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach signed an agreement with the French government establishing conditions under which the Krupp mines in the Ruhr would resume work. Krupp was released from prison 14 days later.
The governments of Estonia and Latvia signed a mutual defense treaty and military alliance. Latvia renounced all claims it had made on Ruhnu island in the Gulf of Riga.
The Finnish airline Finnair was founded by Bruno Lucander under the name "Aero Osakeyhtiö" (Aero Joint Stock Company), abbreviated to Aero O/Y. Lucander's sole aircraft at first was a single-engine Junkers F.13 seaplane, used for flying a route between Helsinki and Tallinn. In 1947, the company would be renamed Finnish Airlines, shortened to Finnair in 1949.
Born:
Victoria de los Ángeles, Spanish singer; in Barcelona, Spain (d. 2005)
Gordon R. Dickson, Canadian science fiction writer; in Edmonton, Canada (d. 2001)
Died: Bill Lovett, 29, Irish-American gangster and retired leader of New York's White Hand Gang; murdered while sleeping in an abandoned store at 25 Bridge Street in Brooklyn, after a night of drinking at Sand's Saloon (b. 1894)
November 2, 1923 (Friday)
Silent film star Margaret Gibson was arrested at her home in Los Angeles on federal charges of operating a blackmail and extortion ring, charges that were later dropped.
Begin with the source’s own compact description: “November 1923” is month of 1923. The dossier treats that line as a proposition to test through November and month, not as a finished interpretation.
Why this record matters
The phrase “month of 1923” supplies a clear boundary for inquiry. It also exposes the unanswered questions: who defined that boundary, when it became stable and which sources sit outside it.
Vocabulary and entity names are the principal evidence signals here, because they determine the precision of every later search. The source revision retrieved here is dated Sep 8, 2026. The linked authority identifier is Q13068477. None of the 0 selected statements returned an explicit reference. The first chronological checks are 1923, 1947, 1949 and 2005.
Overview language is designed for orientation and should not be treated as a substitute for the evidence cited beneath it. The lead is largely declarative, so disagreement and counter-evidence require a deliberate search beyond the opening account. Authority statements aid reconciliation but still require their own references, qualifiers and ranks to be checked.
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This entry incorporates text from “November 1923” on English Wikipedia. Contributors are listed in the page history. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Selected authority identifiers and statements are retrieved from Wikidata under CC0; their references and qualifiers remain part of the verification path.