Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
Shah of Qajar Iran from 1848 to 1896
Naser al-Din or Naseroddin Shah Qajar (Persian: ناصرالدینشاه قاجار, romanized: Nâseroddin Shâh Qâjâr, pronounced [nɒːˈseɹ odˈdiːn ˈʃɒːhe qɒːˈdʒɒːɹ]; 17 July 1831 – 1 May 1896) was the fourth Shah of Qajar Iran from 5 September 1848 to 1 May 1896 when he was assassinated. Initially seeking to modernise Iran, his style of governance became more dictatorial over the course of his reign. His reign saw the Second Herat War (1856), the subsequent Anglo-Persian War (1857) and internal unrest, Tobacco Protest (1890-1891).
He allowed the establishment of newspapers in the country and made use of modern forms of technology such as telegraph, photography and also planned concessions for railways and irrigation works. Despite his modernising reforms on education, his tax reforms were abused by people in power, and the government was viewed as corrupt and unable to protect commoners from abuse by the upper classes which led to increasing anti-governmental sentiments. He was assassinated at Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine in Rey near Tehran. He was the first modern Iranian monarch who formally visited Europe and wrote of his travels in his memoirs.
He was the son of Mohammad Shah Qajar and Malek Jahan Khanom and the third longest reigning monarch in Iranian history after Shapur II of the Sasanian dynasty and Tahmasp I of the Safavid dynasty. Naser al-Din Shah had sovereign power for close to 48 years.
Reign
Effectiveness of his early rule
The state under Naser was the recognized government of Iran, but its authority was undermined by local tribal leaders due to the lack of a standing army.
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