Mixed-member proportional representation
mixed electoral system centered on proportional representation with single-member district elements
Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP or MMPR) is a type of representation provided by some mixed electoral systems which combine local winner-take-all elections with a compensatory tier with party lists, in a way that produces proportional representation overall. Like proportional representation, MMP is not a single system, but a principle and goal of several similar systems. Some systems designed to achieve proportionality are still called MMP, even if they generally fall short of full proportionality in practice. In this case, they are said to provide semi-proportional representation.
In typical MMP systems, voters cast two votes (preferences): one to decide the representative for their single-seat constituency, and one for a list of a political party. Some countries use single vote variants of MMP. Seats in the legislature are filled first by the successful constituency candidates, and second, by party candidates based on the percentage of nationwide or region-wide votes that each party received. The constituency representatives are usually elected using first-past-the-post voting (FPP). The nationwide or regional party representatives are allocated similarly to party-list proportional representation. To gain a nationwide representative, parties may be required to achieve a minimum number of constituency seats, a minimum percentage of the nationwide party vote (threshold), or both.
MMP differs from mixed-member majoritarian representation (often achieved by parallel voting) in that the nationwide seats are allocated to political parties in a compensatory manner in order to achieve proportional election results across all seats (not just the additional seats).
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