Minuscule 439
New Testament manuscript
Minuscule 439 is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament Gospels, written on parchment. It is designated by the siglum 439 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and ε 240 in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts. A colophone dates it to the year 1159. The manuscript has full marginal notes.
Description
The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book format), containing the complete text of the New Testament Gospels, made of 219 parchment leaves (sized 31.7 cm by 24.5 cm). The text is written in two columns per page, with 23 lines per page.
The text is divided according to the chapters (known as κεφαλαια / kephalaia), whose numbers are given in the margin, and their titles (known as τιτλοι / titloi) written at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections, with references to the Eusebian Canons written below the Ammonian section numbers (both early divisons of the Gospels into sections.).
It contains the Epistle to Carpian, Eusebian Canon tables, with the tables of contents (also known as κεφαλαια / kephalaia) before each Gospel, pictures (portraits of Evangelists), and subscriptions at the end of each Gospel.
Text
The Greek text is considered to be a representative of the Byzantine text-type.
The public source identifies “Minuscule 439” as new Testament manuscript. This brief keeps that definition visible, then builds a research path around Minuscule, Testament and manuscript.
Why this record matters
A short description can identify a subject without explaining its stakes. For “Minuscule 439”, the useful work is to connect “new Testament manuscript” to the records capable of establishing context and consequence.
Object files, edition statements, performance records and contemporary criticism preserve different stages of the work’s history. The source revision retrieved here is dated Apr 29, 2026. The linked authority identifier is Q6870444. None of the 0 selected statements returned an explicit reference. The first chronological checks are 1159.
Titles can refer to several editions, objects or performances, making precise identification essential before interpretation. The lead is largely declarative, so disagreement and counter-evidence require a deliberate search beyond the opening account. Authority statements aid reconciliation but still require their own references, qualifiers and ranks to be checked.
How to read it
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The original object or edition, catalogue raisonné, performance record, rights file and holding institution.
Three-step research path
- Establish the record: confirm the title “Minuscule 439”, its source revision and the description used here.
- Expand the search: follow Minuscule 439 primary sources, Minuscule 439 archive and Minuscule research across catalogues and specialist indexes.
- Test the account: compare the strongest cited source with the responsible institution’s current record and note any disagreement.
Questions for further research
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This entry incorporates text from “Minuscule 439” on English Wikipedia. Contributors are listed in the page history. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Selected authority identifiers and statements are retrieved from Wikidata under CC0; their references and qualifiers remain part of the verification path.