Kuban campaigns (1736–1739)
Open-knowledge reference entry
The Kuban campaigns (1736–1739) were a series of coordinated military operations conducted during the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) in the North Caucasus and the Kuban. They involved Russian imperial forces, Kalmyk contingents under Donduk-Ombo, and allied Cossack and Kabardian detachments acting against the Nogai hordes and Crimean-Tatar-aligned groups in the steppe frontier.
The campaigns formed part of Russia’s broader strategy to secure its southern borders and weaken Ottoman and Crimean influence in the North Caucasus. Fighting took place across the Kuban basin, including river valleys such as the Kuban, Laba, Yeya, and adjacent steppe zones. The operations were characterized by large-scale mobile warfare, shifting alliances among regional powers, and repeated incursions into Nogai-controlled territories.
By the end of the campaigns, significant portions of the Kuban steppe population had been displaced or subordinated, and Russian influence in the region was strengthened, although control remained contested in the broader frontier zone.
Background
Following the unsuccessful Pruth campaign of 1711, which ended with the signing of a peace treaty unfavorable to Russia, Peter the Great was forced to cede to the Ottoman Empire the territories previously conquered during the Azov campaigns of 1695–1696, including the fortresses of Azov and Taganrog. Peter I almost immediately began preparations for a new war, but his death led to these plans being postponed.
The Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) was the result of Russia's prolonged expansion into the southwestern lands. Russia officially declared war on the Ottoman Empire on April 12, 1736, but by that time the Russian army had already been besieging the fortress of Azov since March.
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