Job 36

Job 36 is the 36th chapter of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is anonymous; most scholars believe it was written around 6th century BCE. This chapter records the speech of Elihu, which belongs to the "Verdicts" section of the book, comprising Job 32:1–42:6.

Text

The original text is written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 33 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q99 (4QJoba; 175–60 BCE) with extant verses 7–11, 13–27, 32–33.

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BC; some extant ancient manuscripts of this version include Codex Vaticanus (B;

G

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}

B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK:

G

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}

S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A;

G

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}

A; 5th century).

Analysis

The structure of the book is as follows:

The Prologue (chapters 1–2)

The Dialogue (chapters 3–31)

The Verdicts (32:1–42:6)

The Epilogue (42:7–17)

Within the structure, chapter 36 is grouped into the Verdict section with the following outline:

Elihu's Verdict (32:1–37:24)

Prose Introduction of Elihu (32:1–5)

Elihu's Apology (32:6–22)

A Transition from Apology to Argument (33:1–7)

Elihu's First Speech (33:8–33)

Elihu's Second Speech (34:1–37)

Elihu's Third Speech (35:1–16)

Elihu's Fourth Speech (36:1–37:24)

A Summons to Job (36:1–4)

Elihu's Verdict (36:5–7)

The Substantiation of the Verdict (36:8–15)

Application to Job (36:16–21)

Hymn of Praise (36:22–37:24)

God's Powerful Works Deserve Praise (36:22–25)

God's Control of Rain and Storms (36:26–29)

God's Use of Lightning (36:30–33)

God's Purposes through Thunder and Lightning (37:1–5)

God's Activity in the Rest of the Natural World (37:6–13)

Challenge to Understand God's Great Works (37:14–20)

Fear the Coming of God (37:21–24)

God's Appearance (Yahweh Speeches) and Job's Responses (38:1–42:6)

God's First Speech (38:1–40:2)

Job's First Reply – An Insufficient Response (40:3–5)

God's Second Speech (40:6–41:34)

Job's Second Reply (42:1–6)

The section containing Elihu's speeches serves as a bridge between the Dialogue (chapters 3–31) and the speeches of YHWH (chapters 38–41). There is an introduction in the prose form (Job 32:1–5), describing Elihu's identity and circumstances that cause him to speak (starting in Job 32:6). The whole speech section can be formally divided into four monologues, each starting with a similar formula (Job 32:6; 34:1; 35:1; 36:1).