In-crowd algorithm

The in-crowd algorithm is a numerical method for solving basis pursuit denoising quickly; faster than any other algorithm for large, sparse problems. This algorithm is an active set method, which minimizes iteratively sub-problems of the global basis pursuit denoising:

min

x

1

2

‖

y

−

A

x

‖

2

2

+

λ

‖

x

‖

1

.

{\displaystyle \min _{x}{\frac {1}{2}}\|y-Ax\|_{2}^{2}+\lambda \|x\|_{1}.}

where

y

{\displaystyle y}

is the observed signal,

x

{\displaystyle x}

is the sparse signal to be recovered,

A

x

{\displaystyle Ax}

is the expected signal under

x

{\displaystyle x}

, and

λ

{\displaystyle \lambda }

is the regularization parameter trading off signal fidelity and simplicity. The simplicity is here measured using the sparsity of the solution

x

{\displaystyle x}

, measure through its

ℓ

1

{\displaystyle \ell _{1}}

-norm. The active set strategies are very efficient in this context as only few coefficient are expected to be non-zero. Thus, if they can be identified, solving the problem restricted to these coefficients yield the solution. Here, the features are greedily selected based on the absolute value of their gradient at the current estimate.

Other active-set methods for the basis pursuit denoising includes BLITZ, where the selection of the active set is performed using the duality gap of the problem, and The Feature Sign Search, where the features are included based on the estimate of their sign.

Algorithm

It consists of the following:

Declare

x

{\displaystyle x}

to be 0, so the unexplained residual

r

=

y

{\displaystyle r=y}

Declare the active set

I

{\displaystyle I}

to be the empty set, and

I

c

{\displaystyle I^{c}}

to be its complement (the inactive set)

Calculate the usefulness

u

j

=

|

⟨

r

A

j

⟩

|

{\displaystyle u_{j}=|\langle rA_{j}\rangle |}

for each component in

I

c

{\displaystyle I^{c}}

If on

I

c

{\displaystyle I^{c}}

, no

u

j

>

λ

{\displaystyle u_{j}>\lambda }

, terminate

Otherwise, add

L

≈

25

{\displaystyle L\approx 25}

components to

I

{\displaystyle I}

based on their usefulness

Solve basis pursuit denoising exactly on

I

{\displaystyle I}

, and throw out any component of

I

{\displaystyle I}

whose value attains exactly 0. This problem is dense, so quadratic programming techniques work very well for this sub problem.