Haramiyida

Haramiyida is a possibly paraphyletic order of mammaliaform cynodonts or mammals of controversial taxonomic affinites. Their teeth, which are by far the most common remains, resemble those of the multituberculates. However, based on Haramiyavia, the jaw is less derived; and at the level of evolution of earlier basal mammals like Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium, with a groove for ear ossicles on the dentary. Some authors have placed them in a clade with Multituberculata dubbed Allotheria within Mammalia. Other studies have disputed this and suggested the Haramiyida were not crown group mammals, but were part of an earlier offshoot of Mammaliaformes instead, either closely related or unrelated to Multituberculates. It is also disputed whether the Late Triassic species are closely related to the Jurassic and Cretaceous members belonging to Euharamiyida/Eleutherodontida, as some phylogenetic studies recover the two groups as unrelated, recovering the Triassic haramiyidians as non-mammalian cynodonts, while recovering the Euharamiyida as crown-group mammals closely related to multituberculates.

Taxonomy

Order †Haramiyida Hahn, Sigogneau-Russell & Wouters, 1989 [Haramiyoidea Hahn, 1973 sensu McKenna & Bell, 1997]

†Kirtlingtonia Butler & Hooker, 2005

Family †Haramiyaviidae Butler, 2000

†Haramiyavia Jenkins et al., 1997

Family †Theroteinidae Sigogneau-Russell, Frank & Hammerle, 1986

†Theroteinus nikolai Sigogneau-Russell, Frank & Hammerle, 1986

†Theroteinus rosieriensis Sigogneau-Russell, 2016

Family †Haramiyidae Poche, 1908 [Haramiyidae Simpson, 1947 sensu Jenkins et al., 1997; Microlestidae Murry, 1866; Microcleptidae Simpson, 1928]

†Eoraetia

†Hypsiprymnopsis rhaeticus Dawkins, 1864 [Microlestes rhaeticus Dawkins, 1864]

†Avashishta bacharamensis Anantharaman et al., 2006

?†Allostaffia aenigmatica (Heinrich, 1999) Heinrich 2004 [Staffia Heinrich, 1999 non Schubert, 1911; Staffia aenigmatica Heinrich, 1999]; possible, gondwanathere instead.

†Thomasia Poche, 1908 [Haramiya Simpson, 1947; Microlestes Plieninger, 1847 non Schmidt-Goebel, 1846; Microcleptes Simpson, 1928 non Newman, 1840; Plieningeria Krausse, 1919; Stathmodon Henning, 1911]

†T. woutersi Butler & MacIntyre, 1994

†T. hahni Butler & MacIntyre, 1994

†T. moorei (Owen 1871) Butler & MacIntyre, 1994 [Haramiya moorei (Owen, 1871) Simpson, 1947; Microleptes moorei Owen, 1871; Microcleptes moorei (Owen, 1871) Simpson, 1928]

†T. antiqua (Plieninger, 1847) Poche 1908 [Microlestes antiquus Plieninger, 1847; Haramiya antiqua (Plieninger, 1847); Microleptes fissurae Simpson, 1928; Haramiya fissurae (Simpson 1928); Haramiya butleri Sigogneau-Russell, 1990; Thomasia anglica Simpson, 1928]

†Hahnodontidae Sigogneau-Russell, 1991

†Cifelliodon wahkarmoosuch Huttenlocker et al., 2018

† Denisodon

† Hahnodon taqueti Sigogneau-Russell, 1991

†Euharamiyida Bi et al., 1994

?†Gondwanatheria Mones, 1987

Relationships

The relationships of haramiydans to other mammals and mammaliaform cynodonts are controversial and have been subject to numerous conflicting phylogenetic analysis results. Major unresolved questions are whether or not haramiyidans are more closely related to marsupials and placental mammals (Theria) than they are to monotremes (and thus inside the crown group of Mammalia), or whether all living mammals (including therians and monotremes) are more closely related to each other than to haramiyidans (and thus placing Haramiyida outside crown Mammalia) and whether or not haramiyidans are closely related to multituberculates, an important of group of Mesozoic and early Cenozoic mammaliaforms typically regarded as crown group mammals, as part of the group Allotheria. While many studies recover Triassic haramiyidans and Jurassic euharamiyidans as closely related, some phylogenetic studies have recovered them as unrelated, find the Triassic haramiyidians as non-mammalian cynodonts, while recovering the Euharamiyida as crown-group mammals closely related to multituberculates.