Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
low-grade astrocytic brain tumor (astrocytoma) that arises within the ventricles of the brain
Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA, SGCA, or SGCT) is a low-grade astrocytic brain tumor (astrocytoma) that arises within the ventricles of the brain. It is most commonly associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Although it is a low-grade tumor, its location can potentially obstruct the ventricles and lead to hydrocephalus.
Signs and symptoms
Individuals with this type of tumor may have no symptoms if cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow remains open. Obstruction of CSF flow will result in the symptoms associated with increased CSF pressure: nausea, vomiting, headache (often positional), lethargy, blurry or double vision, new or worsened seizures, and personality change.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made by imaging with a contrast-enhanced MRI or CT scan of the brain.
Screening
It is recommended that children with TSC be screened for SEGA with neuroimaging every 1–3 years.
Treatment
Pharmacotherapy
Two related drugs have been shown to shrink or stabilize subependymal giant cell tumors: rapamycin and everolimus. These both belong to the mTOR inhibitor class of immunosuppressants, and are both contraindicated in patients with severe infections.
Rapamycin showed efficacy in five cases of SEGA in TSC patients, shrinking their tumor volumes by an average of 65%.
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