Pharmacocybernetics
field of study
Pharmacocybernetics (also known as pharma-cybernetics, cybernetic pharmacy and cyberpharmacy) is an upcoming field that describes the science of supporting drugs and medications use through the application and evaluation of informatics and internet technologies, so as to improve the pharmaceutical care of patients. It is an interdisciplinary field that integrates the domains of medicine and pharmacy, computer sciences (informatics, cybernetics, interactive digital media, human-computer-environment interactions) and psychological sciences to design, develop, apply and evaluate technological innovations which improve drugs and medications management, as well as prevent or solve drug-related problems.
Terminology
"Pharmaco" originates from the Greek word "pharmakon", which means drugs or poisons; while "cybernetics" originates from the Greek word "kubernetes", which means "the art of steering". Norbert Wiener first defined cybernetics as the science or study of "control and communication in the animal and the machine". Since then, the American Society for Cybernetics has further described this field as "the design or discovery and application of principles of regulation and communication".
Cybernetics has been applied to many fields, such as anthropology, sociology, systems theory, psychology, biology, computer science and engineering. The defining characteristic of a cybernetic system is its relationship between endogenous goals and the external environment. In the 1970s, cybernetics was applied in healthcare as a means of setting positive outcome goals for patients who were not satisfied with their plastic surgeries. The emergence of "new cybernetics" or "second-order cybernetics" further expanded this concept to include the interactions between cybernetic systems and the people interacting with them, as well as to society as a whole.
Cybernetics also includes the concept of "cyberspace", which is described by the science fiction author William Gibson as a virtual representation of information in varying states of accessibility that is linked to various people and organizations in his book Neuromancer.
“Pharmacocybernetics” enters the record as field of study. Crown Archives preserves that source wording while asking what Pharmacocybernetics, field and study can confirm, complicate or overturn.
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This entry incorporates text from “Pharmacocybernetics” on English Wikipedia. Contributors are listed in the page history. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Selected authority identifiers and statements are retrieved from Wikidata under CC0; their references and qualifiers remain part of the verification path.