Co-articulated consonant
consonants produced with two places of articulation
Co-articulated consonants or complex consonants are consonants produced with two simultaneous places of articulation. They may be divided into two classes: doubly articulated consonants with two primary places of articulation of the same manner (both stop, or both nasal, etc.), and consonants with secondary articulation; that is, a second articulation not of the same manner.
Doubly articulated consonants
An example of a doubly articulated consonant is the voiceless labial–velar stop [k͡p], which is pronounced simultaneously at the velum (a [k]) and at the lips (a [p]).
In practically all languages of the world that have doubly articulated consonants, these are either clicks or labial–velars.
Consonants with secondary articulation
An example of a consonant with secondary articulation is the voiceless labialized velar stop [kʷ], which has only a single stop articulation, velar [k], with a simultaneous approximant-like rounding of the lips.
There is a large number of common secondary articulations. The most frequently encountered are:
labialization (such as [kʷ] in many languages)
palatalization (such as "soft" consonants in Slavic languages, like [pʲ] in Russian)
velarization (such as "dark" l [lˠ] in many languages, including English)
pharyngealization (such as "emphatic" consonants in Semitic languages, like [tˤ] in Arabic)
Distinction between the two classes
As might be expected from the approximant-like nature of secondary articulation, it is not always easy to tell whether a co-articulated approximant such as /w/ is doubly or secondarily articulated. In some English dialects, for example, /w/ is a labialized velar that could be transcribed as [ɰʷ].
Similar phones
The glottis controls phonation, and works simultaneously with many consonants. It is not normally considered an articulator, and an ejective such as [kʼ], with simultaneous closure of the velum and glottis, is not normally considered to be a co-articulated consonant.
The public source identifies “Co-articulated consonant” as consonants produced with two places of articulation. This brief keeps that definition visible, then builds a research path around Co-articulated, consonant and consonants.
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