Paul Bouts

Paul Bouts (1900–1999) was a Belgian phrenologist and pedagogue. Born in the province of Limburg, he was ordained as a Catholic priest in 1926.

In the pedagogic environment of the Normal School (pedagogic academy) of Tienen, Belgium, where he taught from 1924, he specialised in characterological studies and devised a new method of characterological analysis, which he called Psychognomy and which was largely based on the pseudoscience of phrenology, combined with typology and graphology. This led to his life-work, La Psychognomie, initially published in Paris by the "Librairie philosophique Alcan". It was subsequently translated in Dutch and Portuguese.

The theories of Bouts were further developed in specialised institutes which were founded in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Chicoutimi, Québec.

Bouts continued his research in the field with the paleo-anthropological work Les Grandioses Destinées Individuelle et Humaine dans la Lumière de la Caractérologie et de l'Evolution cérébro-cranienne. In this work he developed a teleological and orthogenetical view on a perfecting evolution, from the paleo-encephalical skull shapes of prehistoric man, which he considered still prevalent in criminals and, in his view, "savages".

After the Second World War, Bouts experienced serious health problems, due to overburdening. These enticed him to study a healthy lifestyle, which he described in his work Modern Hygiene of Intellectuals (published in French as Hygiène Moderne des Intellectuels, and in Dutch under the title Ik ben nooit moe, i.e.