Azerbaijan's construction in areas gained in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Open-knowledge reference entry
Azerbaijan re-established authority over part of the Nagorno-Karabakh region in 2020 following the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, and re-established control over the entire region in 2023 following the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh.
The region was previously de facto controlled by the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh from 1991 to 2023 and was inhabited by 150,000 people who were ethnic Armenians; the entire Armenian population was forced to flee in the 2023 expulsion of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians.
Following the resumption of Azerbaijani control, Azerbaijan launched efforts aimed at building infrastructure in the territory and repopulating it with Azerbaijanis. Branded as "the Great Return" program, the government project faces several challenges, including concerns about Armenian heritage sites, questions over transparency and labor conditions, and limited international support amid unresolved peace talks with Armenia.
The first phase of the program is from 2022 to 2026; it covers the Karabakh Economic Region and East Zangezur Economic Region.
Background
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the First Nagorno-Karabakh War took place from 1988 to 1994, in which the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of Azerbaijan, which had a primarily Armenian population, unilaterally declared independence from Azerbaijan as the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh (later renamed Republic of Artsakh), supported by Armenia. The Azerbaijani population was forced to flee; according to the Azerbaijani government at the time of the ceasefire in 1994 there were about 250,000 refugees in Azerbaijan from the war.
Azerbaijan recovered many of its territories during and after the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, which culminated by the ceasefire deal on 9 November 2020. The ceasefire allowed rehabilitation to begin in places where Azerbaijan re-established authority, many of which had been practically leveled since Azerbaijan lost control of them in the 1990s.
The region was fully recaptured by Azerbaijan in the 2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh.
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